Notes+1st+semester

 1st Semester Notes These are the filled in notes for all the units we do for the 1st semester. The homework questions are at the end of each one. If you are doing make up work, write the answers on a separate piece of paper, MAKING SURE TO LABEL what section you are doing. If you don't label it, I won't grade it. Geography and the Early Greeks || Rome: Chapter 10 Section 1 Geography and the Rise of Rome || China: Chapter 14 Section 1-4 China Shortened/MONGOL NOTES || Islam: Chapter 12 Section 1 The Roots of Islam || Government in Athens || Rome: Chapter 10 Section 2 Government and Society || Japan: Chapter 15 Section 1 Geography and Early Japan || Islam: Chapter 12 Section 2 Islamic Beliefs and Practices || Greek Mythology and Literature || Rome: Chapter 10 Section 3 The late Republic || Japan: Chapter 15 Section 3 Growth of a Military Society || Islam: Chapter 12 Section 3 Islamic Empires || Greece and Persia || Rome: Chapter 11 Section 1 From Republic to Empire ||  || Islam: Chapter 12 Section 4 Cultural Achievements || Sparta and Athens || Rome: Chapter 11 Section 2 The Roman Empire and Religion ||  ||   || Alexander the Great || Rome: Chapter 11 Section 3 The End of the Empire ||  ||   || Greek Achievements || Roman government and rise and fall of empire (star wars) ||  ||   ||
 * ~ GREECE UNIT ||~ ROME UNIT ||~ ASIAN UNIT ||~ ISLAM UNIT ||
 * Greece: Chapter 8 Section 1
 * Greece: Chapter 8 Section 2
 * Greece: Chapter 8 Section 3
 * Greece: Chapter 9 Section 1
 * Greece: Chapter 9 Section 2
 * Greece: Chapter 9 Section 3
 * Greece: Chapter 9 Section 4
 * || Roman Achievements ||  ||   ||



__**Greece: Chapter 8 Section 1**__ Geography and the Early Greeks //__ Minoans __// //__ Mycenaeans __// //__ Life in a City-State __// //__ City-States and Colonization __// //__ Patterns of Trade __//
 * __ The Big Idea: __** Greece’s geography and its nearness to the sea strongly influenced the development of trade and the growth of city-states
 * __ Main Ideas __**
 * 1) 1. Geography helped shape early Greek civilizations.
 * 2) 2. Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.
 * 3) 3. The Greeks created city-states for protection and security.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Geography helped shape early Greek civilizations. __**
 * __ Mountains __ cover much of Greece, so contact with other villages was difficult.
 * People created their own __Governments__ and ways of __Life__.
 * People settled in the flat areas along the __Coast__ and in river __Valleys__.
 * Because travel was so difficult inland, Greeks turned to the __Seas__ on all sides.
 * They became skilled __Shipbuilders__ and __Sailors__.
 * The sea became a source of __food__ as well as a way of //__trading__// with other communities.
 * They also exchanged ideas with other __cultures__
 * __ Main Idea 2: Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations __**
 * They spent much of their time at __sea__, trading in the __Mediterranean__.
 * Ships carried goods such as __Wood__, olive oil, and __Pottery__ all around the eastern Mediterranean.
 * They became the victims of a huge __Volcano__ that erupted north of Crete.
 * They were not considered to be __Greek__, since they didn’t speak Greek.
 * They were the first people to be considered __Greek__.
 * They lived __Inland__ and built __fortresses__.
 * They were more __violent__ in their trade
 * They took over __Crete__ and became the major traders in the eastern Mediterranean.
 * They developed __Colonies__ in northern Greece and Italy, from which they shipped goods around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
 * __ Main Idea 3: The Greeks created city-states for protection and security. __**
 * During the //Dark Ages of __Greece__//, the Greeks started joining together in small groups for protection.
 * These groups set up independent __City-States__ . The Greek word for city-state is __Polis__.
 * The creation of city-states marks the beginning of Greece’s classical age, an age marked by great __Achievements__.
 * A city-state was usually built around a strong fortress on top of a high hill called an __Acropolis__.
 * The town around the acropolis was surrounded by __walls__ for protection. People no longer had to fear __raiders .__
 * Life in the city focused on the marketplace, or __Agora__.
 * The city-state became the foundation for Greek __Civilization__ and gave the Greeks an __Identity__.
 * Life in Greece became more settled, and people agreed that the Greeks should establish __Colonies__.
 * Before long, groups from city-states around Greece began setting up colonies in distant __Lands__.
 * They spread all around the __Mediterranean__ and the __Black__ Sea.
 * Although the colonies were __Independent__, they often traded with city-states on the __Mainland .__
 * Trade made the city-states much __Richer__.
 * Soon the Greeks had become the greatest __Traders__ in the whole __Aegean__ region.
 * __ Homework: (7 points) __**
 * 1) What is the main landform that covers much of Greece? __ -- __
 * 2) The Greeks turned to the __ -- __ because the land wasn’t very habitable.
 * 3) What are the names of the two ancient Greek cultures.
 * A. __ --- __
 * B. __ -_-- __
 * 1) The development of __ --- __ marks the beginning of Greeces classical age.
 * 2) Because the city-states started to become over-populated and they needed more natural resources, the city-states began to establish __ --- ____ . __
 * 3) What was the benefit of trading for the city-states? __ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- __

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__**Greece: Chapter 8 Section 2**__ //__ Democracy under Cleisthenes __// //__ Changes in Athenian Democracy __// //__ The End of Democracy in Athens __//
 * __ The Big Idea: __** The people of Athens tried many different forms of government before creating a democracy.
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) 1. Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens.
 * 2) 2. Athens created the world’s first democracy.
 * 3) 3. Ancient democracy was different than modern democracy.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens. __**
 * __ Athens __ was the city where __Democracy__ was born, but it started out as an __Oligarchy__, a government in which only a __Few__ people hold power.
 * A group of rich landowners called __Aristocrats__ held power.
 * As a result of rebels trying to overthrow the aristocrats, harsh __Rules__ were created by a man named __Draco__.
 * A man named __Solon__ created a set of laws allowing all free __Men__ to be citizens, people who had the __Right__ to participate in __Government__.
 * Peisistratus overthrew the oligarchy, however, and became the ruler of Athens. He was called a __Tyrant__, a leader who held power through the use of __Force__. Tyrants were usually good, not harsh, leaders in ancient Greece.
 * __ Main Idea 2: Athens created the world’s first democracy. __**
 * A leader named Cleisthenes, a member of one of the most powerful families in Athens, overthrew the aristocracy and established the world’s first __Democracy__.
 * For this reason, he is considered the __Father__ of democracy.
 * Under Cleisthenes, all __Citizens__ in Athens had the right to participate in the __Assembly__, or gathering of citizens, that created the city’s __Laws__.
 * They needed many citizens to participate and sometimes had to go searching for people to be in the assembly.
 * As time passed, citizens got more power, such as serving on __Juries__.
 * Athens reached its height under __Pericles__, who encouraged people to take pride in their city.
 * He also began to __Pay__ people who served in public office or on juries.
 * Athens was conquered by the __Macedonians__and fell under their influence.
 * The king ruled like a __Dictator__. No one could make decisions without his approval.
 * The assembly still met to make laws, but it had to be careful not to __Upset__ the king.
 * Eventually, a new king took over and ended Athenian democracy altogether.
 * __ Main Idea 3: Ancient democracy was different than modern democracy. __**
 * All citizens in Athens could participate __Directly__ in the government, which was called a __Direct__ democracy.
 * Each __Vote__ counted, and the __Majority__ ruled.
 * The United States is too large for direct democracy to work for the whole country. Instead, we have a __Representative__ democracy.
 * In a representative democracy, also called a __Republic__, citizens elect __Representatives__ to represent them in the government. These officials then make the __Laws__.

Homework: ( 12 points) Return to Top 
 * 1) What City created Democracy?
 * 2) What Three kinds of government did Athens have besides DemocracyA. B. C.
 * 3) Who is the father of Democracy
 * 4) In a pure democracy everyone has the right to vote, was Athens a pure democracy? if you said no, who could or could not vote. __ Yes/No __
 * 5) Under who’s leadership did Athenian Democracy reach it’s height?
 * 6) Who conquered the Athenians?
 * 7) Athens was a Democracy, while the US is a Democracy
 * 8) Another name for a Republic style of government is

__**Greece: Chapter 8 Section 3**__ ** Greek Mythology and Literature ** **The Big Idea:** The ancient Greeks created great myths and works of literature that influence the way we speak and write today.
 * Main Ideas: **
 * 1) The Greeks created myths to explain the world.
 * 2) Ancient Greek literature provides some of the world’s greatest poems and stories.
 * 3) Greek literature lives on and influences our world even today.

//__ Heroes in Mythology __//
 * __ Main Idea 1: The Greeks created myths to explain the world. __**
 * Instead of __Scientific__ explanations, the Greeks used __Mythology__ to explain things.
 * Mythology is a body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the __World__ works.
 * They believed gods caused things like __Volcanic__ eruptions and the changing __Seasons__.
 * To keep the gods happy, they built great __temples__ . The Greeks expected help when they needed it in return.
 * Many Greek myths told about the adventures of great __Heroes__.
 * Some heroes were __Real__, while others were __Not__.
 * Some of the major heroes were __Theseus__, __Jason__ , and __Hercules__.
 * Theseus traveled to Crete and killed the __Minotaur__, a half-human, half-bull monster.
 * Jason sailed across the __Seas__ in search of great treasure.
 * Hercules was the most famous hero. He fought many __Monsters__ and performed nearly __Impossible__ tasks.
 * And __Perseus__, Killer of Medusa.
 * They Created the __Olympics__ to honor the Gods.

//__ Lyric Poetry and Fables __//
 * __ Main Idea 2: Ancient Greek literature provides some of the world’s greatest poems and stories __**
 * Among the earliest Greek writings are two epic poems, the __Iliad__ and the __Odysseus__ by __Homer__
 * The Iliad tells the story of the last years of the __Trojan War__.
 * The Odyssey describes the challenges that Odysseus faced on his way __Home__ from the war.
 * These poems were central to the __Education__ system and influenced later writing as well.
 * Some poems were set to __Music__.
 * The writers of these poems were called lyric poets, after their instrument, the __Lyre__.
 * The most famous lyric poet was a woman named __Sappho__.
 * Her poems were beautiful and emotional. They spoke of __Love__ and relationships with her friends and __family__.
 * Other Greeks told short stories that taught the reader lessons about __Life__ or gave advice on how to __live__ . These stories were called __Fables__.
 * __ Aesop __ is famous for fables such as “The Tortoise and the Hare” and “The Boy Who Cried Wolf.”
 * __ Main Idea 3: Greek literature lives on and influences our world even today. __**
 * The most obvious way we see the influence of the Greeks is in our __Language__
 * Many __English__ words and expressions come from mythology, such as “odyssey” and “titanic.”
 * Greek myths have __Inspired__ artists and writers for centuries.
 * __Moviemakers and Advertisers__ have borrowed some of these stories.
 * __Videogames__ use and reference a lot of mythology
 * Mythological references are also common among names of __Sports__ teams.

__//** Homework: (12 points) **//__
 * 1) If the sun came up every day because Apollo and his chariot raced across the sky, this would be an example of a Mythological or Scientific Explanation? (Circle one)
 * 2) Most Greek Mythology is about the actions of __ --- ____ . __
 * 3) List the three major Hero’s
 * 4) __ --- ____ . __
 * 5) __ --- ____ . __
 * 6) __ --- ____ . __
 * 7) What are the names of Homer’s two major works?
 * 8) __ --- ____ . __
 * 9) __ --- ____ . __
 * 10) Some poems were set to__ --- __and the music was made with a __ --- ____ . __
 * 11) A story that teaches someone a lesson is __ --- ____ . __
 * 12) Give Two NEW examples of mythology in the world Today.
 * __ - ____ . __
 * __ - ____ . __

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__**Greece: Chapter 9 Section 1**__

Greece and Persia __ The Persian Army __ __ Persian Society __ __ The Second Invasion of Greece __
 * __ The Big Idea: __** Over time the Persians came to rule a great empire which eventually brought them into conflict with the Greeks.
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) 1. Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
 * 2) 2. The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
 * 3) 3. The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great. __**
 * Cyrus the Great won __Independence__ for Persia from the Medes, marking the beginning of the Persian Empire.
 * Cyrus conquered many people but let them keep their own __Customs.__
 * This kept people from __Rebelling__ against his strong empire.
 * The army was composed of Immortals, which were 10,000 soldiers chosen for their __Bravery__ and __Skill__.
 * The army also had a __Cavalry__, a unit of soldiers who ride horses. Cyrus used the cavalry to __Charge__ at and shoot enemies with arrows.
 * This army was strong because it was well organized and __Loyal__.
 * Together the components of the army could defeat almost any __Enemy__.
 * M__ain Idea 2: The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.__ **
 * Within four __years__ of Cambyses’ death, a young prince named Darius I claimed the throne.
 * He killed all of his __Rivals__ for power and then worked to restore __order__ in Persia.
 * Darius organized the empire into __20__ provinces, each led by a governor called a satrap. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions.
 * He built many __Roads__ that connected various parts of the empire.
 * He also built a new capital, called __Persepolis__.
 * During his rule a new religion arose, called Zoroastrianism.
 * This religion taught that two forces were __Fighting__ in the universe: a __good__ force and an evil force.
 * Darius expanded the empire by conquering the entire Indus Valley.
 * __ Main Idea 3: The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars. __**
 * Darius was __Angry__ that the Greeks had aided a revolt against the Persians, so he invaded Greece in a series of __Battles__ known as the Persian Wars.
 * Greece __Won__ these battles because it had better weapons and __more clever__ leaders.
 * Years later, Xerxes I tried to __Conquer__ Greece again, this time joined by the Persian __Navy__.
 * The Spartans __slowed__ the Persian army at Thermopylae, giving Greece enough time to gain the upper hand and eventually __beat__ the Persians at Plataea, ending the Persian Wars.

Homework: ( 9 points) >
 * 1) Because Cyrus let the people keep their __ -- __they did not__ -- __.
 * 2) Name one component (part) of the Persian army __ - -- __
 * 3) Who did Darius have to kill to become king? __ -- __
 * 4) What did the provinces have to pay?__ -- __
 * 5) Zoroastrianism believes that there are two forces, __ -- __and__ -- __
 * 6) What was the reason for the Persian invasion of Greece?__ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ --- ____ -- __
 * 7) The Greeks defeated the much larger Persian forces several times through their selection of__ --- __

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__**Greece: Chapter 9 Section 2**__

** Sparta and Athens **
 * The Big Idea: The two most powerful city-states in Greece, Sparta and Athens, had very different cultures and became bitter enemies in the 400s BC.**
 * Main Ideas:**
 * 1) The Spartans built a military society to provide security and protection.
 * 2) The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical abilities.
 * 3) Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence in Greece.


 * Main Idea 1: The Spartans built a military society to provide security and protection.**
 * Daily life in Sparta was dominated by the __Army__, and boys were trained from an early age to be __Soldiers__.
 * Spartan men reached full __Citizenship__ at age __30__ and could then move back home, but they stayed in the army until they turned __60__.
 * Courage, strength, self-discipline, and obedience were the most important __Qualities__ to have.
 * Because __Men__ were often at war, women had more rights than other Greek women.
 * They ran the __household__ and owned __Property__.
 * They also received physical training and sometimes competed with men in __Sporting__ events.

__Government__
 * Sparta was officially __Ruled__ by two kings who jointly led the army, but elected officials actually had __More__ power than the kings.
 * These officials handled dealings between __Sparta__ and other city-states.
 * Sparta’s government was set up to control the city’s __Helots__, or slaves.

__Boys and Men in Athens__
 * Main Idea 2: The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical abilities.**
 * Sparta’s main rival in Greece was Athens.
 * Though they also worked to improve their __Bodies__, they had to devote only two years to the __Army__.
 * They learned to __Read__, write, count, and sing.
 * Wealthy boys continued their education with a private tutor.
 * Boys from __Poor__ families usually became farmers.

__Girls and Women in Athens__
 * Unlike boys, __Girls__ received almost no education, because men did not think they needed to be educated.
 * Athenian women had __Fewer__ rights than women in many other city-states; in fact, they hardly had any at all.


 * Main Idea 3: Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence in Greece.**
 * Sparta and Athens worked together to win the __Persian__ Wars.
 * After the Persian Wars, city-states joined an __Alliance__, which historians call the Delian League.
 * “Alliance” means they agreed to work together.
 * Sparta formed its own alliance, called the Peloponnesian __League__.

__The Peloponnesian War__
 * Sparta declared __War__ on Athens, starting the Peloponnesian War.
 * The war lasted for ten years before they decided to call a __Truce__.
 * The war started up once more when Athens tried to expand its __Empire__. The Spartans Won.
 * With the defeat of Athens, Sparta became the most powerful city-state in Greece.
 * Other city-states started to __Resent__ Sparta, leading to a period of war.
 * Control of Greece shifted from one __City-State__ to another for years.

Homework: (12 points) Return to Top 
 * 1)  1. Men in both Sparta and Athens had to spend time in the__ -- __.
 * 2) 2. Athenian men also learned to
 * a.__ -- __.
 * b.__ -- __.
 * c.__ -- __.
 * d.__ -- __.
 * 1)  After Spartans became “citizens” they still had to serve for __ -- __ more years.
 * 2) __ -- __ Women had more rights, while __ -- __ women had almost none at all.
 * 3)  The Athenians and the Spartans developed an __ -- __ against the Persians.
 * 4) While the __ -- __eventually defeated the __ -- __ in the Peloponnesian war, All of Greece eventually was in a state of__ -- __ for many years.

__**Greece: Chapter 9 Section 3**__ ** Alexander the Great ** __ The Big Idea: __ Alexander the Great built a huge empire and helped spread Greek culture into Egypt and Asia. __ Main Ideas: __ Homework: (10 points)
 * 1) Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
 * 2) Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe, Asia, and Egypt.
 * 3) The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire blended Greek and other cultures.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC. __**
 * Phillip II became __King__ of Macedonia and targeted Greece for an invasion.
 * Phillip was a brilliant __Military__ leader.
 * He invaded Greece
 * Athens called for __Help__ but __few__ came and they lost
 * The rest of Greece quickly __surrendered__ to Phillip
 * His soldiers fought as a phalanx with spears that were longer than the Greeks.
 * He also had ___archers___ and __Cavalry___ supporting the phalanx.
 * When __Phillip__ died, his throne and his plans were passed on to his son, Alexander.
 * Phillip planned to conquer __Persia__ but is __assassinated__ while celebrating his __daughters__ wedding.
 * His son takes over the kingdom, and at age __20__ Alexander becomes King.
 * Main Idea 2: Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe, Asia, and Egypt. **
 * Educated young Man
 * Taught by __Aristotle__, A famous Greek Philosopher from age 13-16.
 * Became Enamored (in love) with the __Greek__ way of life.
 * Upon becoming King, Thebes rebels, he puts the rebellion down in only one year and __enslaves__ all the Thebian people.
 * Then sets out to make his empire. He begins in Egypt and was crowned __Pharoah__.
 * He then heads East, all the way into __India__ with 35,000 soldiers.
 * He destroys everyone in his way, the only reason he stops is his __men__ are tired and refuse to go on.
 * He defeated the Mighty __Persian__ Empire
 * Dies on the way back home from a mysterious __disease__ at the age of 33.
 * __ Spreading Greek Culture __**
 * Alexander’s empire was the ___largest___ the world had ever seen.
 * Alexander passes on the __Greek__ way life in every place he conquers.
 * He encourages Greeks to __settle__ around his newly conquered kingdom to spread Greek __Culture__ and __language__.
 * Alexander also allows people to keep their customs and traditions, thus making them __Happy__.
 * These mixed cultures become known as __Hellenistic__ or Greek-like.
 * This is a great example of __Diffusion__.
 * o The spread of __Ideas__ from one place to another.
 * __ Main Idea 3: The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire blended Greek and other cultures. __**
 * After Alexander died, his __Generals__ fought for power and divided the empire among themselves.
 * The four kingdoms were __Macedonia__, Greece, Egypt, and Syria.
 * Macedonia had the weakest government and had to put down Greek revolts.
 * Syria was weakened by rebellions.
 * Egypt, especially Alexandria, became a major __Cultural__ center.
 * Each empire was eventually Taken over by the __Romans__.
 * 1) __--__conquered Greece and then his son __--__took over a huge empire.
 * 2) Greece gave up after __---__was defeated.
 * 3) Alexander conquered what great empire?__--__.
 * 4) Alexander stopped conquering lands because__--__.
 * 5) Alexander spread ____culture throughout the world.
 * 6) Another word for Greek like is __-__.
 * 7) The word for the spread of ideas is__--__.
 * 8) All places where eventually conquered by the __- --- --__.

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__**Greece: Chapter 9 Section 4**__

** Greek Achievements **
 * __ The Big Idea: __** Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts, philosophy, and science.
 * __ Main Ideas __**
 * 1) The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
 * 2) The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy.
 * 3) In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering.


 * __ Main Idea 1: The Greeks made great contributions to the arts. __**
 * Greek statues look as though they could come to __life__ at any time, because Greek artists wanted to show how __beautiful__ people could be.
 * Greek paintings are known for their __realism__ and __detail__.
 * The Greeks made temples with rows of tall __Columns__ rounded in the middle so they __appear__ perfectly straight.
 * The __Parthenon__ was their most impressive temple.
 * The Greeks excelled at __Writing__.
 * They created dramas, or __Plays__.
 * The Greeks were the first to write about __History__.


 * __ Main Idea 2: The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy __**
 * Socrates taught by asking __Questions__, a technique we call the __Socratic__ method.
 * He wanted people to question their __beliefs__ and look for __Knowledge__ . This angered and __Frightened__ people.
 * He was arrested and condemned to __Death__ for questioning the authority of the __Gods__.
 * __Plato__ and __Aristotle__ followed after Socrates in their pursuit for knowledge and deeper understanding.
 * __ Plato and Aristotle __**
 * __ Plato __ had been a student of Socrates.
 * Plato created a __ School __, the __ Academy __ , to discuss __ Ideas __.
 * He also wrote __ //The Republic// __, which described his ideal society.
 * __ Aristotle __ was Plato’s student.


 * He taught about living life in __ Moderation __, or __ Balance __.
 * He believed moderation was based on __ Reason __, or clear and ordered thinking


 * __ Main Idea 3: In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering __**
 * Euclid spent his life studying __Mathematics__, especially geometry.
 * Greek doctors studied the __Human Body__ to understand how it worked.
 * Hippocrates was a Greek __Doctor__ known for his ideas about how doctors should behave.
 * Engineers like Archimedes made great discoveries, such as the __Water Screw__, which brought __Water__ to the __Fields__.


 * Homework (14 points) **
 * 1) Greek statues wanted to show how__ -- __people could be.
 * 2) Greek painting was known for its__ -- __.
 * 3) What was the most impressive temple of ancient greek__ -- __.
 * 4) What were the Greeks the first to write about? __ -- __
 * 5) Who were the three great thinkers of the Greeks?
 * __ -- __
 * __ -- __
 * __ -- __
 * 1) Socrates taught by asking__ -- __. He ended up__ -- __ for it.
 * 2) Plato built a__ -- __, and wrote the__ -- __.
 * 3)  Aristotle taught__ -- __ based on clear and ordered thinking.
 * 4) __ -- __ Wrote a book on how doctors should behave.
 * 5) 10. Archimedes created the__ -- __ which moved water up hill.

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__**Rome: Chapter 10 Section 1**__

__ **The Big Idea:** __ Rome’s location and government helped it become a major power in the ancient world. __ Main Ideas: __
 * 1) The geography of Italy made land travel difficult but helped the Romans prosper.
 * 2) Ancient historians were very interested in Rome’s legendary history.
 * 3) Once a monarchy, the Romans created a republic.


 * __ Main Idea 1: The geography of Italy made land travel difficult but helped the Romans prosper __**
 * Most of Italy is covered with __Hills__ . Italians built their cities on the hills for __defense__.
 * Two major mountain ranges, the __Alps__ and the __Apennines__, created rugged land that was hard to cross.
 * Some of Italy’s mountains were __Volcanic__ . Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns.
 * They also built cities near __Rivers__ for a source of fresh water. Rome lies on the __Tiber__ River.
 * Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful __Food__ supply and the city’s early growth.

__ Aeneas __ __ Romulus and Remus __ __ Rome’s Early Kings __
 * __ Main Idea 2: Ancient historians were very interested in Rome’s legendary history. __**
 * Little is known about Rome’s early history because no __Written__ records exist.
 * Imagining the glorious past, people told __legends__, or stories.
 * The Romans believed they could trace their history to a great Trojan leader named __Aeneid__.
 * The Aeneid, an epic poem written by __Virgil__, tells about Aeneas’s trip to Italy. After the Greeks destroyed Troy, he fled to Italy and formed an alliance with the Latin’s.
 * He became a ruler in Italy after marrying the daughter of the Latin king.
 * According to legend, Several generations later, some descendants of Aeneas became the founders of Rome. They were orphaned twin brothers raised by __Wolves__.
 * Roman records list seven kings who ruled the city, some of whom were Etruscans.
 * The Etruscans made contributions such as huge __Temples__ and Rome’s first __Sewer__.
 * Some think that Rome learned the __Alphabet__ and __Numbers__ from the Etruscans.
 * The last Roman king was said to have been a cruel man, who had many people killed. A group of __Nobles__ rose up against him and overthrew him.
 * The nobles no longer wanted a __King__, so they created a new __Government__.

__ Challenges from the Outside __ __ Challenges within Rome __
 * __ Main Idea 3: Once a monarchy, the Romans created a republic. __**
 * The Romans created a __Republic__ in 509 BC in which elected officials ran the city.
 * They protected against anyone staying in power for too long by limiting __terms__ to one __year__.
 * During difficult wars, the Romans chose __dictators__, rulers with almost absolute power, to lead the city.
 * They could stay in power only six __months__, to avoid abusing their __power__.
 * One of Rome’s famous dictators was __Cincinnatus__.
 * He quickly defeated his enemies, and returned to farming long before his six-month term was up. ( __TWICE__ )
 * Plebeians
 * The plebeians, or __Common__ people, were made up of peasants, craftspeople, traders, and other workers.
 * They called for change in the government to give them more __say__ in how things were run.
 * They also formed a council and __elected__ their own officials.
 * Patricians
 * The patricians held almost all __political__ power.
 * Only __patricians__ could be elected to office.
 * Fearing that Rome would be split in __two__, they decided it was time to change the __government__.

Homework: (12 points) Return to Top 
 * 1) What are three of the major landforms of Italy?
 * 2) __ --- __
 * 3) __ --- __
 * 4) __ --- __
 * 5) Why is our knowledge of early Rome limited?
 * 6) What did the Etruscans give early Rome building wise?
 * 7) __ -- __
 * 8) __ --- __
 * 9) What kind of government did the Romans create in 509 B.C.? __ __
 * 10) What did they elect in times of crisis? And who was the most famous?
 * 11) __ - __
 * 12) __ - __
 * 13) What are the two groups of people in Rome?
 * 14) __ __
 * 15) __ - __
 * 16) Which group initially held all the power, and then gave some of it up? __ - __

__**Rome: Chapter 10 Section 2**__ Return to Top 

__**Rome: Chapter 10 Section 3**__

Return to Top 

__**Rome: Chapter 11 Section 1**__ Return to Top 

__**Rome: Chapter 11 Section 2**__

Return to Top 

__**Rome: Chapter 11 Section 3**__

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Rome: Rise and Fall




 * __Roman Expansion __ **
 * After Gauls (Early Europeans) conquer Rome, Romans decide it’s time to get strong
 * Others decide Rome weak, so they attack, but Romans defeat them and take over their lands. Rome eventually controls all of Italy
 * Success possible because of organization of Army-Legions
 * __Roman Expansion __**
 * Other places continue to see Rome as a threat and attack, Rome continues to win and expand.
 * Eventually control many parts surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
 * Sicily, Corsica, Spain, North Africa, Greece, Southern Europe, and parts of Asia
 * __Roman Expansion __**
 * Punic Wars
 * 3 Wars against Carthage
 * Carthage eventually loses
 * Last war Carthage not really into, but Romans hate them
 * Romans take Carthage, Burn city to ground, kill or enslave all citizens, and dump salt in all the land around the city.
 * Carthage no more.
 * __Roman Problem/Crises __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus’s death’s by the wealthy led to the use of violence as a political weapon. (Assassination-Proscription)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Gaius Marius allows poor people to join the army making their lives much better. As a result the Legions are more loyal to their Generals than to Rome
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Roman Problem/Crises __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Sulla follows example of Marius
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">The two come into conflict
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Civil War erupts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">A war between citizens of the same country
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Results of Civil War __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Sulla wins and declares himself Dictator-leader of Rome for life-uses power to punish enemies. Proscription
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">However also believes Senate should be primary ruler of Rome and increases Senates Power.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Spartacus __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Slaves and poor people unite behind Spartacus to revolt (fight against the Romans)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Take over southern Italy threaten Rome
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Spartacus dies, revolt falls apart
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Romans execute 6,000 Slaves to set an example
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Generals Gain More Power __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">People continue to gain power through their army, two most powerful, Julius Caesar and Gaius Pompey
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Caesar gains wealth and notoriety through his conquering of all Northern Gaul
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Loved by his men and Romans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Last act in Gaul, Cut of the hands of 4,000 Prisoners of War from last revolt to set an example.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Caesar __ **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Caesar becomes too popular and powerful, and many powerful people turn against him, and try to strip him of his army.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Caesar refuses and leads his army on Rome
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Crossing the Rubicon
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Leads to Civil War between Pompey and Caesar
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Caesar wins __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Becomes Dictator for life
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Institutes many reforms to improve Roman way of life.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Took away power of Senate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Ides of March 60+ senators meet Caesar in the Senate and Stab him to death.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Results of Caesar’s Death __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Murders who thought they would be hero’s became outlaws as the two who gain power are Marc Antony Caesar’s top General and Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son (later becomes known as Augustus)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">They defeat those who killed Caesar and have peace for several years
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Civil War, Again __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Antony marries Octavian’s Sister, then divorces her to marry Cleopatra (queen of Egypt). Octavian feels insulted so declares war
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Fight a Naval Battle, Antony loses and he and Cleopatra commit suicide
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Octavian becomes Princeps (1st citizen)
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Octavian __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Gains Limitless power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Makes many Reforms to help Rome and it’s people
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Is loved by the Romans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">In 27 B.C. Gives power back to the Senate (not really)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Senate bestows upon him the title Augustus (revered one) This is the End of the Republic and Beginning of the Empire.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Roman Empire __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Now Control, Island of Britain, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and the entire Northern coast of Africa.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Expansion leads to and promotes Large scale Trading.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pax Romana __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">During the first 200 years of the early empire, Rome was stable with almost no war. Period of Peace and Growth.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Empire Expands to huge proportions.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Problems leading to the End __ **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Roman Empire to large to control
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Internal problems
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Corruption: the decay of people’s values
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Officials used bribery and threats to get what they wanted, but not what was good for Rome, so Roman government is no longer efficient.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Increased Taxes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Wealthy create their own armies and use them to gain power
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Problems leading to the End __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">External threats emerge
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Germanic warriors attacking the North
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Persian Armies attacking the East
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">New immigrant groups who ignored the rules of the empire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Disease
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Two Emperors __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Diocletian: decided Rome was too big to be ruled by one man, so split the empire into eastern and western half, and named a co-emperor to rule the west
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Constantine: Reunited the empire, and move capital to Constantinople, removing Rome as the center of power.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The Visigoths __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">A group of people called the Huns began attacking Eastern Europe, forcing the Goths to flee west.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">The Romans didn’t want them in their lands, So fought them
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">The Goths won
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">In 408 A.D. The Visigoths attacked and sacked the city of Rome for the first time in about 800 years.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">The Eastern empire __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Emperor Justinian,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">He almost reestablishes the old empire and retakes Rome.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Reorganizes the legal code making it much more fair and efficient.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Although popular, a riot breaks out, his wife Theodora convinces him to stay and fight.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">When he dies, empire slowly collapse until Ottoman Empire takes over Constantinople.


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Division of Religion __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 1.5;">Christianity develops differently in the east (Byzantine Empire), which leads the creation of a second Christian Church, the Greek Orthodox Church.

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__**Roman Achievements:**__
 * __ Science __**
 * Looked to Greeks for advice.
 * Created the Julian Calendar based on the Stars (it’s what we use today)
 * Galen made Medical advances studying the heart, arteries, and Veins.
 * __ Engineering-Arches __**
 * Arches, round construction allowed for support of much greater weight, made many bridges still around today.
 * Arches also allowed for creation of Aqueducts which allowed the movement of water across great distances,
 * Arches allowed the building of Vaults which let buildings have large open areas.
 * __ Engineering continued __**
 * Made Cement by mixing lime with Volcanic rock and Ash. Very hard and Watertight
 * Built Roads in layers, made them very durable, some still around centuries later and usable.
 * o Built about **50,000** miles of roads (see page 330-331) Allows for fast military movement, increased trade and increased Diffusion.
 * __ Architecture: __**
 * again copied greeks, covered buildings with marble, and used columns to make buildings look impressive.
 * Pantheon
 * Coliseum
 * Aquaducts
 * __ Art: __**
 * Again copied Greeks. Good Sculptors, beautiful frescos (paintings on plaster) and mosaics to decorate buildings
 * __ Literature: __**
 * Virgil who wrote the Aeneid about the creation of Rome
 * Ovid who wrote about Roman Mythology
 * Many wrote histories, speeches and Dramas.
 * __ Languages: __**
 * Rome’s official language was Latin, although Eastern part of Empire it was Greek.
 * Latin leads to the creation of the Romance languages, like French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.
 * Many Non romance languages still use Latin words today. Like Veto.
 * __ Law: __**
 * Roman law very famous continues even after it falls.
 * Leads to creation of Civil laws: a legal system based on a written code of laws (12 tables/constitution)

Homework: (15 points)
 * 1) Who inspired the Roman scientific achievements? __ __
 * 2) The MOST important architectural/Engineering achievement of the Romans was the __ __ because it could hole huge amounts of __ __.
 * 3) They built over __ __ miles of __ -- __.
 * 4) What are three kinds of things the Romans wrote about?
 * 5) __ --- __
 * 6) __ --- __
 * 7) __ --- __
 * 8) The official language of Rome is __ __and it leads to the languages of__ -, , , and - .__
 * 9) Roman Law led to the creation of __ __, which is based on a __ __ code of laws.



__**Asia: China Shortened**__ China Notes in a Nutshell __ Varied Landscape: __ Return to Top 
 * __ Physical Geography __**
 * China covers an area of almost 4 //__million__// Square miles.
 * The //__Gobi__// desert lies in the north. Largest //__Desert__// in Asia.
 * Low-lying plains in the east make up one of the world’s largest //__farming__// areas.
 * Mountain ranges lie in the west, including the Plateau of Tibet and the Qinling Shandi. There was limited contact between people in the //__east__// and //__west__//.
 * __ Two Rivers of China __**
 * __ Huang He: __
 * Also called the //__Yellow__// River
 * Nearly 3,000 miles long across northern China
 * Often //__floods__//, and has been referred to as “China’s sorrow” because of the destruction
 * __ Chang Jiang: __
 * The //__longest__// river in Asia; also called the Yangzi River
 * Flows across central China from Tibet to the Pacific Ocean
 * __ The Sui Dynasty (589-618) __**
 * __ Yang Jian: __
 * Northern ruler
 * Conquered //__south__//
 * //__ Unified __// China
 * __ Began the Grand Canal __
 * Linked northern and southern //__China__//
 * A canal is a man-made waterway connecting //__two__// bodies of water.
 * Example: Panama
 * __ Empress Wu __**
 * The only //__woman__// to rule China
 * Became empress in 655 A.D.
 * Kept power after the death of her husband
 * Chose advisors based on //__abilities__//
 * Promoted //__Buddhism__//
 * __ Tang Dynasty accomplishments __**
 * Chang’an was the capital and the largest //__city__// in the world: over 1 million people
 * The Grand Canal was improved and expanded
 * //__ Porcelain __// was first made
 * //__ Wood-block __// printing
 * //__ Gunpowder __// -fireworks
 * Perfection of the Magnetic //__Compass__//
 * __ Song Dynasty (960-1279) Accomplishments __**
 * Elaborate irrigation techniques
 * Underground //__wells__//
 * Dragon Backbone //__pump__//
 * New fast-ripening //__rice__//
 * //__ Cotton __//
 * Maritime //__Trade__//
 * Moveable //__type__//
 * Paper //__money__//
 * __ Confucianism and its impact on Government __**
 * Everything is based on Relationships, your Role in Society, and Proper behavior
 * Two Main principles:
 * //__ Ren __// : concern for others
 * //__ Li __// : Appropriate behavior
 * Confucianism stresses //__role__// in society; Buddhism stressed more spiritual thought and chances of Nirvana; thus it's more //__popular__// for a time.
 * __ Hello Neo-Confucianism: __**
 * Stresses more spiritual matters as well as societal ones. Becomes very popular, and Greatly impacts their //__government__//.
 * Created the //__Bureaucracy__//:
 * A body of unelected government //__officials__//. These are people who Work for the government and are not elected.
 * Do get a job you have to pass a //__Civil Service Exam__//.
 * Tests were very hard, but doing well meant a lifelong position in the government with a good job. Became a //__Scholar-Official__// with lots of perks
 * __ Changes in Government: __**
 * The Song dynasty improved the system by which people went to work for the government.
 * These workers formed a large //__bureaucracy__//, or a body of unelected government officials.
 * __ Civil Service Examinations: __**
 * Officials joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations.
 * Civil service means service as a //__government__// official.
 * These were a series of //__written__// examinations that tested students’ grasp of Confucianism and related ideas.
 * The tests were difficult, and students spent //__years__// preparing.
 * Passing the exam meant life as a scholar-official, an //__educated__// member of government.
 * __ Scholar-Officials: __**
 * Scholar-officials were elite members of society and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics.
 * They performed many important jobs in the government.
 * Benefits included being respected and having reduced //__penalties__// for breaking the law.
 * Many became //__wealthy__// from gifts given by people seeking their aid.
 * This system helped the //__stability__// of the Song government.
 * __ Genghis Khan: __**
 * 1206 united //__Mongols__//
 * Conquered much of //__Asia__// and Eastern //__Europe__//
 * Killed //__all__// men, women, and children in countless cities
 * By 1227 all of northern China was under //__Mongol__// control
 * __ Kublai Khan: __**
 * Mongols left behind terrible //__destruction__//
 * Became ruler in 1260
 * Declared himself Emperor of China 1279
 * __ Yuan Dynasty: __**
 * Sometimes called the //__Mongol__// Ascendancy
 * This was the first time China was ruled by //__foreigners__//
 * Mongol rulers belonged to a different ethnic group, spoke a different //__language__//, worshipped different //__gods__//, wore different //__clothing__//, and had different //__customs__//.
 * The Chinese //__resented__// being ruled by these rude, uncivilized foreigners
 * __ Life Under the Yuan: __**
 * Chinese were not forced to //__accept__// Mongol ways
 * Some Mongols accepted aspects of Chinese culture, such as //__Confucianism__//
 * Prohibited Chinese //__scholars__// from gaining power in Government
 * Heavily //__taxed__// the Chinese
 * __ Building Projects: __**
 * Extended the Grand Canal
 * Built new roads and palaces
 * Improved roads part of the //__postal__// system
 * Built a new capital at Dadu
 * __ Other Benefits: __**
 * Mongol soldiers sent throughout China kept the //__peace__//
 * Kept overland //__trade__// routes safe for merchants
 * Sea //__trade__// continued
 * Welcomed //__foreign__// traders at Chinese ports
 * __ Marco Polo: __**
 * Italian //__merchant__//
 * Travelled //__China__// between 1271 and 1295
 * Served in Kublai Khan’s //__court__//
 * His descriptions fascinated Europeans
 * His book inspired //__trade__// with China
 * __ The End of the Yuan: __**
 * Decided to invade Japan
 * 1271 defeated by violent //__storms__// and fierce warriors
 * 1281 decimated by the “kamikaze”, or Divine Wind as these seasonal //__typhoons__// were later named
 * The failed campaigns // __weakened__ // the Mongol military
 * The expensive public-works projects // __weakened__ // the economy
 * Chinese resentment combined with these weaknesses set the stage for // __rebellion__ //
 * In the 1300’s many Chinese groups // __rebelled__ // against the Yuan
 * In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang led group in final victory against the Mongols
 * Former //__monk__//
 * Became first //__Ming__//
 * __ Zheng He: __**
 * Between 1405 and 1433, led //__7__// grand voyages
 * Presented gifts from China where he landed
 * Encouraged gifts and invited representatives to //__return__// with him to China
 * //__ The Forbidden City: __//**
 * // Contained over 1000 buildings //
 * // Covered 178 acres or almost 8 million square feet //
 * //__ Restoration of the Great Wall: __//**
 * // More than 2000 miles long = distance from New York to San Francisco //
 * // 25 feet high and 12 feet wide at the top //
 * __ Changes in Government: __**
 * Adopted many programs created by the Tang and Song
 * Abolished offices of some powerful //__officials__// and took a //__larger__// role in government
 * Retained the //__civil service system__//
 * Used examinations to appoint censors to investigate the behavior of local leaders and judge the quality of schools
 * Their power and influence grew under the Ming
 * __ Isolationism: __**
 * Ming emperors worked to eliminate all //__foreign__// influences from Chinese society
 * In the 1430’s the emperor made Zheng He return to China and //__dismantle__// his fleet
 * Foreign trade was //__banned__//
 * In 1644, the Ming dynasty was overthrown
 * Westerners were, by the 1800’s, technologically //__advanced__// and were able to gain influence in Chinese affairs- China was too //__weak__// to stop them

__**Japan Chapter 15 section 1**__ __** Geography and Early Japan **__ Return to Top 
 * __ The Big Idea: Japan’s early societies were both isolated from and influenced by China and Korea. __**
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) Geography shaped life in Japan.
 * 2) Early Japanese society was organized in clans which came to be ruled by emperors.
 * 3) Japan learned about language, society, and government from China and Korea.
 * Main Idea 1: Geography shaped life in Japan. **
 * Japan is a large group of //__islands__// located off the Asian mainland.
 * The islands of Japan are really the tops of //__mountains__//.
 * The mountains were difficult to live on, so most people lived on //__flat coastal plains__// near the sea.
 * The sea influenced Japan by: **
 * Providing food
 * Shark
 * //__ Seaweed __//
 * Eel
 * Separating it from other countries
 * Japan remained // __isolated__ // until its rulers decided to visit other countries.
 * Providing easy access to other countries
 * // __ China __ // and //__Korea__// were only a short distance by sea from Japan.
 * Main Idea 2: Early Japanese society was organized in clans which came to be ruled by emperors. **
 * Japan was home to //__two__// cultures before it was influenced by China and Korea.
 * The Ainu were an early people who were believed to come from Siberia and eventually disappeared.
 * The Early Japanese **
 * The early Japanese were organized into extended families, or //__clans__//, that lived in small farming villages.
 * The head of the clan, or chief, had //__religious__// and //__political__// power over the people of the villages.
 * Chiefs were believed to have gained their power through //__kami,__// which were nature spirits.
 * Shinto **
 * Rituals to honor the kami became the central part of //__Shinto__//, a traditional Japanese religion.
 * Shinto believes that everything in //__nature__// has kami.
 * They built //__shrines__// to the kami and asked the spirits to bless them.
 * The First Emperors **
 * Some clans became more powerful than others and built up //__armies__//.
 * The Yamato clan claimed to have a glorious family history. They extended their control over much of Honshu and began to call themselves the first //__emperors__// of Japan.
 * Main Idea 3: Japan learned about language, society, and government from China and Korea. **
 * The rulers of Japan sent representatives to China and Korea to gather //__information__// about their cultures and invited people from Korea and China to come to Japan.
 * Learned to write //__Chinese__//
 * Learned about __//Confucianism//__, which outlined how families should behave
 * Learn about new religions, especially //__Buddhism__//
 * Prince Shotoku **
 * Served as //__regent__// for his aunt, the empress
 * Admired //__Chinese__// culture and helped bring it to Japan
 * Influenced the spread of Buddhism by writing commentaries and building a beautiful __//temple//__
 * Homework: Answer the following questions using your notes (13 points) **
 * 1)  The Geography of Japan mainly consists of __ - __, __ --- __ , and __ -_ __.
 * 2)  The sea’s kept Japan __ -- __ from other countries until they decided to go and visit __ -- __ and __ __.
 * 3)  The Chief of a clan had two kinds of Power, __ -- __ and __ - __.
 * 4)  Japanese Shinto put a serious emphasis on __ - __ all of which had a Kami.
 * 5)  The most powerful early clan in Japanese history was the __ -- __ clan.
 * 6) The three major things the Japanese learned from China and Korea was
 * 7) __ a.  __
 * 8) __ b.  __
 * 9) __ c . --- __

__**Japan: Chapter 15 Section 3**__ __** Growth of a Military Society **__
 * __ The Big Idea: Japan developed a military society led by generals called shoguns __**
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) Samurai and shoguns took over Japan as emperors lost influence.
 * 2) Samurai warriors lived honorably.
 * 3) Order broke down when the power of the shoguns was challenged by invaders and rebellions
 * 4) Strong leaders took over and reunified Japan.


 * __ Main Idea 1: Samurai and shoguns took over Japan as emperors lost influence. __**
 * The emperor was distracted by life at the //__court__//.
 * The landowners, or daimyo, were worried that they needed to __//protect//__ their land.
 * Landowners hired __//samurai//__//,// or trained professional //__warriors__,// to defend their property.
 * Shoguns Rule Japan **
 * The nobles became frustrated with the emperor, so they decided to take //__power__.//
 * //__ Two __// powerful clans fought for thirty years.
 * The //Minamoto// clan won the war but decided to keep the emperor as a __//figurehead//__, a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else.
 * The Minamotos became __//shoguns//__//,// generals who ruled Japan in the emperor’s name.
 * Shoguns ruled Japan for __//700//__ years.
 * __ Main Idea 2: Samurai warriors lived honorably. __**
 * The word samurai comes from the Japanese word for “//__servant__//.”
 * Armies of samurai were //__expensive__// to support.
 * Samurai were paid with //__land__// or //__food__//.
 * They followed a strict code of rules called //__Bushido__,// which taught them how to behave.
 * Bushido: The Way of the Warrior **
 * Samurai followed Bushido, which means “//__the way of the warrior__.”//
 * Both men and women of samurai families learned how to //__fight__,// but only men went to //__war__//. Women protected their homes from //__robbers__.//
 * They lived //__simple__// and //__disciplined__// lives.
 * Obeying their lord was the //__most important__// thing for their sense of //__honor__//.


 * __ Main Idea 3: Order broke down when the power of the shoguns was challenged by invaders and rebellions. __**
 * Foreign invasions by the //__Chinese__// threatened the empire and caused chaos. The shoguns sent troops to fight the Mongols. They withstood the invasion attempts, but many nobles thought the shoguns did not give them enough __//credit//__ for their part in the fighting.
 * Internal //__rebellion__// occurred when the emperor tried to regain his power that had been lost to the shoguns.
 * Daimyo, who owned most of the land, fought to break away from the shoguns’ power. Small wars broke out all over Japan.
 * The shoguns lost most of their power and authority. The emperor was still largely powerless, and the //__daimyo__// ruled his own territory.
 * __ Main Idea 4: Strong leaders took over and reunified Japan. __**
 * Oda Nobunago was the first leader to try to //__reunify__// Japan.
 * Efforts continued to try to reunify Japan after Oda died.
 * By 1603, Japan was ruled by shoguns from one family, the //__Tokugawa__.//
 * Tokugawa Shogunate **
 * In 1603 Japan’s emperor made Tokugawa //__shogun__//.
 * The rule by one family lasted until 1868. During their rule, Japan traded with other countries and let //__Christian missionaries__// live in Japan.
 * Later shoguns __//closed//__ off Japan from the rest of the world and banned //__guns__//. This helped extend the samurai period in Japan until the 1800s.


 * Homework: Answer the following questions using your notes (12 points) **
 * 1)  The Daimyo hired __ - __ because the __ __ was too busy.
 * 2)  The Minamoto’s became __ --- __ but kept the Emperor as a __ -- __.
 * 3)  Samurai were paid in __ --- __ and __ --- __ . They also followed a strict code of conduct called __ -- __.
 * 4)  The most important thing for a samurai to do was to __ --- __ their __ - __.
 * 5)  Chaos is caused in Japan or rebellion when the __ -- __ tried to regain power.
 * 6)  When Japan cut itself off and banned __ --- __, this is like the Chinese policy of __ --- __.

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__**Islam Chapter 12 Section 1**__ __** The Roots of Islam **__ //__ Two Ways of Life __// //__ Muhammad’s Teachings __// //__ Islam Spreads in Arabia __// //__ Islam Spreads from Medina to the Rest of Arabia __//
 * __ The Big Idea: __** In the harsh desert climate of Arabia, Muhammad, a merchant from Mecca, introduced a major world religion called Islam.
 * __ Main Ideas __**
 * 1) 1. Arabia is mostly a desert land, where two ways of life, nomadic and sedentary, developed.
 * 2) 2. A new religion called Islam, founded by the prophet Muhammad, spread throughout Arabia in the 600s.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Arabia is mostly a desert land, where two ways of life, nomadic and sedentary, developed. __**
 * The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of //__Africa__//, //__Asia__//, and //__Europe__//.
 * Arabia lies in a region with hot, dry __//air//__.
 * The climate has created a band of __//deserts//__ across Arabia and northern Africa.
 * The desert has limited __//water//__, which is located mainly in __//oases//__ . An oasis is a wet, fertile area in a desert.
 * In a __//nomadic//__ life, people moved from place to place within tribes for protection and as the seasons changed.
 * Sedentary people settled in __//oases//__, where they could farm. These settlements often became towns.
 * Towns became centers of __//trade//__ . Many had a market or __//bazaar//__ where goods were traded.
 * __ Main Idea 2: A new religion called Islam, founded by the prophet Muhammad, spread throughout Arabia in the 600s. __**
 * A man named __//Muhammad//__ taught a new religion to the people of Arabia.
 * Muslims believe that God spoke to Muhammad through an angel and made him a __//Prophet//__.
 * The messages he received were the basis for __//Islam//__ and were collected in the holy book of Islam called the __//Qur’an/Koran// .__
 * Muhammad taught that there is only one God, //__Allah__//, which means “ __//The God//__” in Arabic. This is similar to Christianity and Judaism.
 * Muhammad’s teachings were new to Arabs, who worshipped many __//gods//__ . This teaching __//upset//__ some people.
 * Muhammad said the rich and poor should be __//equal//__ . Many __//wealthy//__ merchants did not like this idea.
 * Islam spread from __//Mecca//__ to __//Medina//__.
 * Rulers of Mecca began to threaten Muhammad with __//Violence//__ as Islam started to influence more people.
 * Muhammad left Mecca and went to __//Medina//__.
 * This departure became known in Muslim history as the hegira, or __//Journey//__
 * __ //Islam// __ thrived in Medina, and other Arab tribes in the region accepted Islam.
 * Muhammad’s __//House//__ became the first mosque, or building for Muslim prayer.
 * Muslim communities in Medina grew __//Stronger//__, and other Arab tribes accepted Islam.
 * __ //Mecca// __ finally accepted Islam as its religion in 630 A.D. (C.E.)..


 * Homework: Answer the following questions (8 points) **
 * 1) 1. Arabia is mostly __ - __ which means the demand for __ --- __ is very high and important.
 * 2) 2. Since Oases had water, they were prime places to build __ --- __, which became important __ -- __ centers.
 * 3) 3. The founder of Islam was __ - __.
 * 4) 4. He taught that there was only __ - __ God called __ -- __.
 * 5) 5. His teachings were written down in a book called the __ - __.

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__**Islam Chapter 12 Section 2**__

__** Islamic Beliefs and Practices **__ //__ The Five Pillars of Islam __// 1. The Qur’an sets out guidelines for three things, what are they? - a. __ -- __ - b. __ -- __ - c. __ -- __
 * __ The Big Idea: __** Sacred texts called the Qur’an and the Sunnah guide Muslims in their religion, daily life, and laws.
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) 1. The Qur’an guides Muslims’ lives.
 * 2) 2. The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of them.
 * 3) 3. Islamic law is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
 * __ Main Idea 1: The Qur’an guides Muslims’ lives. __**
 * The world has a definite __end__, and on that final day, God will judge all people.
 * The Qur’an sets out guidelines for __moral__ behavior, acts of __worship__, and rules for social __life__
 * Muslims were encouraged to free __slaves__.
 * __ Women __ could own property, earn money, and receive an education.
 * The Qur’an discusses __Jihad__, which means to make an effort, or to struggle. Jihad refers to the inner __Struggle__ people go through in their effort to __obey__ God and behave according to __Islamic__ ways.
 * Jihad can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim __Community__, or historically, to convert people to __Islam__ . The word has also been translated as “ __Holy War__ .”
 * __ Main Idea 2: The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of them. __**
 * The __Hadith__ is the written record of Muhammad’s words and actions. It is the basis for the __Sunnah__.
 * The __Sunnah__ provides a model for the duties and way of life expected of Muslims.
 * The first duties of a Muslim are known as the __Five Pillars of Islam__, which are five acts of worship required of all Muslims.
 * 1) 1. __ Shahadah __ or Statement of Faith: Saying “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet”
 * 2) 2. Salat or __Worship__: Praying five times a day
 * 3) 3. __ Zakat __ or alms: Giving to the poor and needy
 * 4) 4. Sawm or __Fasting__: Not eating or drinking during the daytime during the holy month of Ramadan
 * 5) 5. __ Hajj __ or Pilgrimage: Traveling to Mecca at least once on a hajj
 * __ Main Idea 3: Islamic law is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah. __**
 * The Qur’an and the Sunnah form the basis of Islamic __law__, or __shariah__.
 * Shariah is a system based on Islamic sources and human reason that judges the __Rightness__ of actions taken
 * Homework: Answer the following questions (16 points) **

2. Women in Islam where treated different than many places we have studied in that they could do - a. __ -- __ - b. __ -- __ - c. __ -- __

3. The world most commonly associated with a “Holy War” but generally refers to people’s inner struggle is __ --- __. 4. Muslims must follow the teachings and rules from 3 sources, they are the - a. __ -- __ - b. __ -- __ - c. __ -- __

5 List and explain the 5 pillars of Islamic Faith
 * ~ Arabic ||~ English ||~ Meaning ||
 * 1. -- || --- || ||
 * 2. ||  ||   ||
 * 3. ||  ||   ||
 * 4. ||  ||   ||
 * 5. ||  ||   ||

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__**Islam Chapter 12 Section 3**__ __** Islamic Empires **__ // Growth of the Empire // //__ A Mix of Cultures __// //__ Growth of Cities __// //__ The Safavid Empire __//
 * __ The Big Idea: __** After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires formed–the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) 1. Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread.
 * 2) 2. Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
 * 3) 3. Three Muslim empires controlled much of Europe, Asia, and Africa from the 1400s to the 1800s.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread. __**
 * After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr became the first __caliph__, the title that Muslims use for the highest __leader__ of Islam.
 * Caliphs were not __religious__ leaders, but __political__ and __military__ leaders.
 * Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against Arab tribes who did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.
 * Muslim armies battled tribes that did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.
 * The Muslim armies united __Arabia__, then defeated the Persian and Byzantine empires.
 * Conquered people could not build new __churches__ or dress like Muslims.
 * __ Christians __ and __Jews__ could continue to practice their own religion.
 * After years of fighting Muslim armies, many __Berbers__, a native people of North Africa, converted to __Islam__ and joined forces with the Arabs.
 * A combined Berber and Arab army invaded __Spain__ and conquered it in AD 711.
 * They became known as the __Moors.__
 * Main Idea 2: Trade helped Islam spread into new areas. **
 * Along with their trade goods, Arab __merchants__ took Islamic beliefs to new lands.
 * Islam spread to __India__, __Africa__, and Southeast __Asia__.
 * Trade brought new __products__ to Muslim lands.
 * Travelers learned how to make __paper__ from the Chinese.
 * Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and oranges from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
 * Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in __Africa__.
 * As Islam spread through trade, warfare, and treaties, Arabs came into contact with people who had __different__ beliefs and lifestyles.
 * Language and religion helped unify many groups that became part of the Islamic world.
 * Muslims generally practiced __tolerance,__ or acceptance, with regard to these people.
 * Jews and Christians, in particular, could __keep__ their beliefs.
 * 1) 1. __ Baghdad __
 * Capital of Islamic Empire
 * One of the world’s __richest__ cities through trade and farming.
 * Center of culture and __learning__.
 * 1) 2. __ Cordoba __
 * By the AD 900s, was the largest and most advanced city in __Europe__
 * Showplace of Muslim civilization
 * __ Main Idea 3: Three Muslim empires controlled much of Europe, Asia, and Africa from the 1400s to the 1800s. __**
 * The great era of Arab-Muslim expansion lasted until the 1100s.
 * __ Three __ non-Arab Muslim groups built large, powerful empires that took control of much of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
 * 1) // 1. // //__ Ottoman Empire __//
 * Ottomans were Muslim __Turkish__ warriors who took territory in the mid-1200s.
 * The Ottomans were aided by __slave__ soldiers called Janissaries.
 * They had new __gunpowder__ weapons.
 * Mehmed II and Suleyman I led __conquests__ that turned the Ottomans into a __world__ power.
 * During Suleyman’s rule, the Ottoman Empire reached its height.
 * Ottomans took control of the eastern Mediterranean and pushed farther into Europe from 1520–1566.
 * They would control these areas until the early 1800’s.
 * 1) // 2. // //__ The Safavid Empire Begins __//
 * Safavids were __Persian__ Muslims.
 * A conflict arose over who should be __caliph__ among the Safavids, Ottomans, and other Muslims.
 * Islam split into __two__ groups.
 * The __Shia__ thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
 * The __Sunni__ thought it did not matter as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders.
 * The Safavid Empire began in 1501 when the Safavid leader Esma‘il conquered __Persia__ and made himself __shah__, or king.
 * He made Shiism, the beliefs of the __Shia__, the official religion of the empire.
 * ‘Abbas became shah in 1588. He became the greatest Safavid leader.
 * He defeated the Uzbeks and took back lands that had been lost to the Ottomans.
 * The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim traditions.
 * The Safavid Empire lasted until the mid-1700s.
 * 1) // 3. // //__ The Mughal Empire __//
 * The Mughal Empire was located in northern __India__ and was comprised of Turkish Muslims from Central __Asia__.
 * Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew mostly under an emperor named __Akbar__.
 * Akbar’s tolerant policies allowed Muslims and __Hindus__ to live in peace.
 * In the late 1600s, an emperor reversed the tolerant policies, which led to __conflicts__ and the __end__ of the empire

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__**Islam Chapter 12 Section 4**__ __** Cultural Achievements **__ //__ Cultural Achievements __// //__ More Scholarly Advances __//
 * __ The Big Idea: __**** Muslim scholars and artists made important contributions to science, art, and literature. **
 * __ Main Ideas: __**
 * 1) 1. Muslim scholars made lasting contributions to the fields of science and philosophy.
 * 2) 2. In literature and the arts, Muslim achievements included beautiful poetry, memorable short stories, and splendid architecture.
 * __ Main Idea 1: Muslim scholars made lasting contributions to the fields of science and philosophy. __**
 * Muslim scholars made __advances__ in astronomy, geography, math, and science.
 * Many ancient writings were translated into __Arabic__.
 * 1) // 1. // //__ Geography __//
 * Geographers made more accurate __maps__ than before and developed better ways of calculating __distances__.
 * 1) // 2. // //__ Math __//
 * They combined the Indian number system, including the use of __zero__, with the Greek science of mathematics.
 * One mathematician laid the foundations for modern __algebra__.
 * 1) // 3. // //__ Astronomy __//
 * They made improvements to the __astrolabe__, which the Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the __stars__.
 * Many cities had __observatories__ where people could study the __sun__, __moon__, and __stars__.
 * 1) // 4. // //__ Medicine __//
 * The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have come in medicine.
 * Muslims started the first __pharmacy__ school to teach people how to make __medicine__.
 * A doctor discovered how to treat __smallpox__.
 * Another doctor, known in the west as Avicenna, wrote a medical __encyclopedia__.
 * 1) // 5. // //__ Philosophy __//
 * Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues, which led to a movement called __Sufism__, and on __rational__ thought.
 * Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a __personal__ relationship with God.


 * __ Main Idea 2: In literature and the arts, Muslim achievements included beautiful poetry, memorable short stories, and splendid architecture. __**

//__ More Islamic Influences __//
 * 1) // 1. // //__ Literature __//
 * Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim world—poetry and short stories.
 * 1) // 2. // //__ Architecture __//
 * The greatest architectural achievements were __mosques__. They often had a __dome__ and __minarets__—narrow towers from which Muslims are called to prayer.
 * **__ Patrons __**, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for elaborately decorated mosques.
 * 1) 3. __ Art __
 * Because they could not represent people or animals in paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned **__calligraphy__**, or decorative writing, into an art form.
 * They used this technique to __decorate__ buildings and mosques.

1. List the five areas they made advancements and one specific thing from each area.
 * Homework: ** Complete the following by looking back through your notes. (16 points)
 * ~ Area ||~ Specific Thing ||
 * A. || -- ||
 * B. ||  ||
 * C. ||  ||
 * D. ||  ||
 * E. ||  ||

2. List the 3 areas in the arts that they made advances and list one specific thing from each area.
 * ~ Area ||~ Specific Thing ||
 * A. || -- ||
 * B. ||  ||
 * C. ||  ||

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